Shaetlan - A young language wi aald røts (digital PDF doonlodd)
Dis is da first bilingual grammar o Shaetlan, da language at predaets English ithin Shetland, da maist norderly bit o da UK. Da language is o mixed ancestry, wi Norn an Scots as its main input languages, bit wi a linguistic history shaepit bi closs contact wi da Low Country Germanic languages becis o da intense Hanseatic an fysheen traedes. Shaetlan is bøn braaly stigmatised ower da hindmaist twa hunder year, an is nivver bøn tocht richt fir øse. Noo hit’s ithin a precarious poseetion, wi less an less young fokk takkin til it fae dir aald fokk. Hoosumivver, da backbonn o da language is bidden strong an still shaas da rare Mixed Language forebears, no jüst ithin da vocabulary bit ithin its grammar an aa.
Da grammar tells aboot da language fae a linguistic typological ootlook, and sets it ithin a wirld typological context. He’s a linguistically kantit book, bit is bøn written fir aabody tae read. Da data is maed up o 37.5 ooers o archival recoardeens (yun’s aboot 400,000 wirds); fibye dat de’r mair as 9 year o interviews, participant observation an immersion.
Da book starts wi seeven contributions fae midder tongue spaekers o Shaetlan. He’s dan spleet inti twa pairts: Pairt I tells da historico-linguistic røts ti Shaetlan, tells aboot its status an plaess ithin Shetland daday, shaas da science ahint caain hit a Mixed Language, an offers a orthography at’s bøn pitten tigidder fir da data gaddered fir Da Shaetlan Projict. Pairt II gies a grammatical description o Shaetlan as it stands noo, øsin a gineral typological linguistic framewark an is laid oot laek a conventional typological linguistic grammar.
Da hael book is bilingual apairt fae da bits fae da seeven midder tongue spaekers at ir onnly in Shaetlan, as is onnly richt.
Fir da full Table o Contents, see below.
This is the first bilingual grammar of Shaetlan, the language which pre-dates English in Shetland, the northernmost part of the UK. The language is of a mixed ancestry, with Norn and Scots as its main input languages, but with a linguistic history shaped by intense contact with the Low Country Germanic languages due to the intense Hanseatic and fishing trades. Shaetlan has seen severe stigmatisation over the last few centuries, and has never been formally recognised. It is now in an endangered state, with dwindling intergenerational transmission. However, the structure of the language has remained remarkably resilient and still shows its unique Mixed Language ancestry not only in its vocabulary but also in its grammar.
This grammar describes the language from a linguistic typological perspective, and places it in a global typological context. While it is a linguistically oriented book, it is written to be accessible for the general public. The data consists of 37,5 hours of archival recordings (which represents a corpus of about 400,000 words) as well as more than nine years of interviews, participant observation and immersion.
The book starts with seven contributions by Shaetlan mother tongue speakers. It is then divided into two parts: Part I sets the scene and gives the historico-linguistic background to the formation of Shaetlan, discusses its status and place in society today, shows the data for classifying it as a Mixed Language in its own right, and presents the orthography used for the data in Da Shaetlan Projict. Part II gives a grammatical description of contemporary Shaetlan, using a general typological linguistic framework and structured as a conventional typological linguistic grammar.
The entire book is bilingual, with the exception of the seven introductory contributions by Shaetlan mother tongue speakers, which are in Shaetlan only.
For the full Table of Contents, see below.
International endorsements fir dis book
This is the first typological grammar of Shaetlan, a remarkable mixed language spoken by a resilient bilingual community. The work follows the best scholarly practices in analytic and typologically-oriented description, and puts the language on the map. The grammar is based on close collaboration with mother-tongue speakers as co-authors. It is entertaining and will be accessible to a varied selection of audiences.
Prof. Dr. A.Y. Aikhenvald, CQUniversity Australia
Shaetlan: A young language wi aald røts is the best language book I have ever read. Its scholarliness, depth and datelines on the one hand, and accessibility, simplicity and clarity on the other, make this bilingual community-based publication invaluable for linguists, language learners and local and global language-rights activists.
Dr. Alexander Andrason, University of Cape Town & Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
‘Shaetlan’ changes the conversation about the language that it describes. Moving quickly beyond the argument that Shaetlan is a “kind” of English or Scots or Norn, the authors definitively establish that it deserves to be discussed as a language in its own right, with its own grammar and phonology, that has interacted in complex ways with all of the above. The authors of this book make the startlingly effective decision to write it in both English and Shaetlan, and it is in fact the ability to read about Shaetlan in Shaetlan that best establishes for the reader that this is a distinct language, most closely allied to Scandinavian languages in its structure and to Scots in its vocabulary. The attention paid to variation within Shaetlan is particularly well-done, and gives a clear sense of a community well aware of the distinctness of its speech and the systematic ways that it differs from the prestige language around it. This book changed how I see Shetland and its language, and I enjoyed the opportunity it presented of learning to read Shaetlan by exposure, too.
Dr. Jackson W. Crawford, https://jacksonwcrawford.com/
This book is nothing short of transformative—a shining example of inclusive linguistics at its finest. Written bilingually and co-authored with members of the Shaetlan-speaking community, it is rigorously grounded in sound linguistic science, yet it remains accessible to non-specialists, welcoming both academics and lay readers alike into the richness of the Shaetlan language. Shaetlan is recognized and respected internationally, and this book is already used in university classrooms as a model for language documentation, description, maintenance, and activism. Shaetlan is not just a language of local significance—it is a language of global importance. This is a book that will inspire scholars, students and activists alike—and it is one I will return to again and again.
Prof. Dr. Michel DeGraff, MIT Boston
This groundbreaking bilingual grammar brings Shaetlan, a typologically unusual contact language, to the attention of linguists and language enthusiasts worldwide. It follows the best scientific practices of typological linguistics in using solid data and up to date analytical methods. Grounded in a close collaboration between linguists and mother tongue speakers, this highly readable and accessible book opens new horizons in language studies.
Prof. Dr. R.M.W Dixon, CQUniversity Australia
This bilingual grammar shows the unique history, status and linguistic characteristics of the Shaetlan language. The study is firmly rooted in the most up-to-date theoretical frameworks and analytical methodologies, yet written to be both accessible and entertaining for the general public.
Prof. Dr. Merja Kytö, Uppsala University
This vigorous and splendidly-illustrated book is in Shaetlan and about Shaetlan, and uses it – thanks to the native speakers who have contributed – to demonstrate the structure, the skilfulness and the spirit of this remarkable language. Grammar, and much more, written with verve and passion!
Prof. Dr. Anthony P. Grant, Edge Hill University
Viveka Velupillai and Roy Mullay with their co-authors have provided an invaluable resource for their community in Shetland and for a wider readership interested in issues of linguistic and cultural diversity. Shetlanders are particularly indebted to the authors in that they have produced a book of the highest academic standards which is accessible to a non-specialist audience. It is obvious from the foregrounding of the co-authors’ mother-tongue narratives that the first-language Shaetlan community is book’s primary audience. This bilingual publication combines linguistic description, anthropological and biographical testimony and a rationale for sustaining Shaetlan as a differentiated language. The detailed description of Shaetlan as a mixed language, rooted in historical and sociological context, serves as the most compelling and coherent appeal to date for languagehood recognition for Shaetlan. The readers of this volume will conclude that this is long overdue.
Prof. Dr. Conchúr Ó Giollagáin, The University of the Highlands and Islands
Velupillai & Mullay’s meticulous work finally establishes Shaetlan as a distinct language with its own legitimate place in the North Atlantic. It presents irrefutable evidence that Shaetlan deserves full recognition and support as a viable medium for education and public affairs. An essential, paradigm-shifting contribution that will resonate far beyond Scotland’s northern isles.
Prof. Dr. Kofi Yakpo, The University of Hong Kong
Dis is da first bilingual grammar o Shaetlan, da language at predaets English ithin Shetland, da maist norderly bit o da UK. Da language is o mixed ancestry, wi Norn an Scots as its main input languages, bit wi a linguistic history shaepit bi closs contact wi da Low Country Germanic languages becis o da intense Hanseatic an fysheen traedes. Shaetlan is bøn braaly stigmatised ower da hindmaist twa hunder year, an is nivver bøn tocht richt fir øse. Noo hit’s ithin a precarious poseetion, wi less an less young fokk takkin til it fae dir aald fokk. Hoosumivver, da backbonn o da language is bidden strong an still shaas da rare Mixed Language forebears, no jüst ithin da vocabulary bit ithin its grammar an aa.
Da grammar tells aboot da language fae a linguistic typological ootlook, and sets it ithin a wirld typological context. He’s a linguistically kantit book, bit is bøn written fir aabody tae read. Da data is maed up o 37.5 ooers o archival recoardeens (yun’s aboot 400,000 wirds); fibye dat de’r mair as 9 year o interviews, participant observation an immersion.
Da book starts wi seeven contributions fae midder tongue spaekers o Shaetlan. He’s dan spleet inti twa pairts: Pairt I tells da historico-linguistic røts ti Shaetlan, tells aboot its status an plaess ithin Shetland daday, shaas da science ahint caain hit a Mixed Language, an offers a orthography at’s bøn pitten tigidder fir da data gaddered fir Da Shaetlan Projict. Pairt II gies a grammatical description o Shaetlan as it stands noo, øsin a gineral typological linguistic framewark an is laid oot laek a conventional typological linguistic grammar.
Da hael book is bilingual apairt fae da bits fae da seeven midder tongue spaekers at ir onnly in Shaetlan, as is onnly richt.
Fir da full Table o Contents, see below.
This is the first bilingual grammar of Shaetlan, the language which pre-dates English in Shetland, the northernmost part of the UK. The language is of a mixed ancestry, with Norn and Scots as its main input languages, but with a linguistic history shaped by intense contact with the Low Country Germanic languages due to the intense Hanseatic and fishing trades. Shaetlan has seen severe stigmatisation over the last few centuries, and has never been formally recognised. It is now in an endangered state, with dwindling intergenerational transmission. However, the structure of the language has remained remarkably resilient and still shows its unique Mixed Language ancestry not only in its vocabulary but also in its grammar.
This grammar describes the language from a linguistic typological perspective, and places it in a global typological context. While it is a linguistically oriented book, it is written to be accessible for the general public. The data consists of 37,5 hours of archival recordings (which represents a corpus of about 400,000 words) as well as more than nine years of interviews, participant observation and immersion.
The book starts with seven contributions by Shaetlan mother tongue speakers. It is then divided into two parts: Part I sets the scene and gives the historico-linguistic background to the formation of Shaetlan, discusses its status and place in society today, shows the data for classifying it as a Mixed Language in its own right, and presents the orthography used for the data in Da Shaetlan Projict. Part II gives a grammatical description of contemporary Shaetlan, using a general typological linguistic framework and structured as a conventional typological linguistic grammar.
The entire book is bilingual, with the exception of the seven introductory contributions by Shaetlan mother tongue speakers, which are in Shaetlan only.
For the full Table of Contents, see below.
International endorsements fir dis book
This is the first typological grammar of Shaetlan, a remarkable mixed language spoken by a resilient bilingual community. The work follows the best scholarly practices in analytic and typologically-oriented description, and puts the language on the map. The grammar is based on close collaboration with mother-tongue speakers as co-authors. It is entertaining and will be accessible to a varied selection of audiences.
Prof. Dr. A.Y. Aikhenvald, CQUniversity Australia
Shaetlan: A young language wi aald røts is the best language book I have ever read. Its scholarliness, depth and datelines on the one hand, and accessibility, simplicity and clarity on the other, make this bilingual community-based publication invaluable for linguists, language learners and local and global language-rights activists.
Dr. Alexander Andrason, University of Cape Town & Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
‘Shaetlan’ changes the conversation about the language that it describes. Moving quickly beyond the argument that Shaetlan is a “kind” of English or Scots or Norn, the authors definitively establish that it deserves to be discussed as a language in its own right, with its own grammar and phonology, that has interacted in complex ways with all of the above. The authors of this book make the startlingly effective decision to write it in both English and Shaetlan, and it is in fact the ability to read about Shaetlan in Shaetlan that best establishes for the reader that this is a distinct language, most closely allied to Scandinavian languages in its structure and to Scots in its vocabulary. The attention paid to variation within Shaetlan is particularly well-done, and gives a clear sense of a community well aware of the distinctness of its speech and the systematic ways that it differs from the prestige language around it. This book changed how I see Shetland and its language, and I enjoyed the opportunity it presented of learning to read Shaetlan by exposure, too.
Dr. Jackson W. Crawford, https://jacksonwcrawford.com/
This book is nothing short of transformative—a shining example of inclusive linguistics at its finest. Written bilingually and co-authored with members of the Shaetlan-speaking community, it is rigorously grounded in sound linguistic science, yet it remains accessible to non-specialists, welcoming both academics and lay readers alike into the richness of the Shaetlan language. Shaetlan is recognized and respected internationally, and this book is already used in university classrooms as a model for language documentation, description, maintenance, and activism. Shaetlan is not just a language of local significance—it is a language of global importance. This is a book that will inspire scholars, students and activists alike—and it is one I will return to again and again.
Prof. Dr. Michel DeGraff, MIT Boston
This groundbreaking bilingual grammar brings Shaetlan, a typologically unusual contact language, to the attention of linguists and language enthusiasts worldwide. It follows the best scientific practices of typological linguistics in using solid data and up to date analytical methods. Grounded in a close collaboration between linguists and mother tongue speakers, this highly readable and accessible book opens new horizons in language studies.
Prof. Dr. R.M.W Dixon, CQUniversity Australia
This bilingual grammar shows the unique history, status and linguistic characteristics of the Shaetlan language. The study is firmly rooted in the most up-to-date theoretical frameworks and analytical methodologies, yet written to be both accessible and entertaining for the general public.
Prof. Dr. Merja Kytö, Uppsala University
This vigorous and splendidly-illustrated book is in Shaetlan and about Shaetlan, and uses it – thanks to the native speakers who have contributed – to demonstrate the structure, the skilfulness and the spirit of this remarkable language. Grammar, and much more, written with verve and passion!
Prof. Dr. Anthony P. Grant, Edge Hill University
Viveka Velupillai and Roy Mullay with their co-authors have provided an invaluable resource for their community in Shetland and for a wider readership interested in issues of linguistic and cultural diversity. Shetlanders are particularly indebted to the authors in that they have produced a book of the highest academic standards which is accessible to a non-specialist audience. It is obvious from the foregrounding of the co-authors’ mother-tongue narratives that the first-language Shaetlan community is book’s primary audience. This bilingual publication combines linguistic description, anthropological and biographical testimony and a rationale for sustaining Shaetlan as a differentiated language. The detailed description of Shaetlan as a mixed language, rooted in historical and sociological context, serves as the most compelling and coherent appeal to date for languagehood recognition for Shaetlan. The readers of this volume will conclude that this is long overdue.
Prof. Dr. Conchúr Ó Giollagáin, The University of the Highlands and Islands
Velupillai & Mullay’s meticulous work finally establishes Shaetlan as a distinct language with its own legitimate place in the North Atlantic. It presents irrefutable evidence that Shaetlan deserves full recognition and support as a viable medium for education and public affairs. An essential, paradigm-shifting contribution that will resonate far beyond Scotland’s northern isles.
Prof. Dr. Kofi Yakpo, The University of Hong Kong
Dis is da first bilingual grammar o Shaetlan, da language at predaets English ithin Shetland, da maist norderly bit o da UK. Da language is o mixed ancestry, wi Norn an Scots as its main input languages, bit wi a linguistic history shaepit bi closs contact wi da Low Country Germanic languages becis o da intense Hanseatic an fysheen traedes. Shaetlan is bøn braaly stigmatised ower da hindmaist twa hunder year, an is nivver bøn tocht richt fir øse. Noo hit’s ithin a precarious poseetion, wi less an less young fokk takkin til it fae dir aald fokk. Hoosumivver, da backbonn o da language is bidden strong an still shaas da rare Mixed Language forebears, no jüst ithin da vocabulary bit ithin its grammar an aa.
Da grammar tells aboot da language fae a linguistic typological ootlook, and sets it ithin a wirld typological context. He’s a linguistically kantit book, bit is bøn written fir aabody tae read. Da data is maed up o 37.5 ooers o archival recoardeens (yun’s aboot 400,000 wirds); fibye dat de’r mair as 9 year o interviews, participant observation an immersion.
Da book starts wi seeven contributions fae midder tongue spaekers o Shaetlan. He’s dan spleet inti twa pairts: Pairt I tells da historico-linguistic røts ti Shaetlan, tells aboot its status an plaess ithin Shetland daday, shaas da science ahint caain hit a Mixed Language, an offers a orthography at’s bøn pitten tigidder fir da data gaddered fir Da Shaetlan Projict. Pairt II gies a grammatical description o Shaetlan as it stands noo, øsin a gineral typological linguistic framewark an is laid oot laek a conventional typological linguistic grammar.
Da hael book is bilingual apairt fae da bits fae da seeven midder tongue spaekers at ir onnly in Shaetlan, as is onnly richt.
Fir da full Table o Contents, see below.
This is the first bilingual grammar of Shaetlan, the language which pre-dates English in Shetland, the northernmost part of the UK. The language is of a mixed ancestry, with Norn and Scots as its main input languages, but with a linguistic history shaped by intense contact with the Low Country Germanic languages due to the intense Hanseatic and fishing trades. Shaetlan has seen severe stigmatisation over the last few centuries, and has never been formally recognised. It is now in an endangered state, with dwindling intergenerational transmission. However, the structure of the language has remained remarkably resilient and still shows its unique Mixed Language ancestry not only in its vocabulary but also in its grammar.
This grammar describes the language from a linguistic typological perspective, and places it in a global typological context. While it is a linguistically oriented book, it is written to be accessible for the general public. The data consists of 37,5 hours of archival recordings (which represents a corpus of about 400,000 words) as well as more than nine years of interviews, participant observation and immersion.
The book starts with seven contributions by Shaetlan mother tongue speakers. It is then divided into two parts: Part I sets the scene and gives the historico-linguistic background to the formation of Shaetlan, discusses its status and place in society today, shows the data for classifying it as a Mixed Language in its own right, and presents the orthography used for the data in Da Shaetlan Projict. Part II gives a grammatical description of contemporary Shaetlan, using a general typological linguistic framework and structured as a conventional typological linguistic grammar.
The entire book is bilingual, with the exception of the seven introductory contributions by Shaetlan mother tongue speakers, which are in Shaetlan only.
For the full Table of Contents, see below.
International endorsements fir dis book
This is the first typological grammar of Shaetlan, a remarkable mixed language spoken by a resilient bilingual community. The work follows the best scholarly practices in analytic and typologically-oriented description, and puts the language on the map. The grammar is based on close collaboration with mother-tongue speakers as co-authors. It is entertaining and will be accessible to a varied selection of audiences.
Prof. Dr. A.Y. Aikhenvald, CQUniversity Australia
Shaetlan: A young language wi aald røts is the best language book I have ever read. Its scholarliness, depth and datelines on the one hand, and accessibility, simplicity and clarity on the other, make this bilingual community-based publication invaluable for linguists, language learners and local and global language-rights activists.
Dr. Alexander Andrason, University of Cape Town & Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
‘Shaetlan’ changes the conversation about the language that it describes. Moving quickly beyond the argument that Shaetlan is a “kind” of English or Scots or Norn, the authors definitively establish that it deserves to be discussed as a language in its own right, with its own grammar and phonology, that has interacted in complex ways with all of the above. The authors of this book make the startlingly effective decision to write it in both English and Shaetlan, and it is in fact the ability to read about Shaetlan in Shaetlan that best establishes for the reader that this is a distinct language, most closely allied to Scandinavian languages in its structure and to Scots in its vocabulary. The attention paid to variation within Shaetlan is particularly well-done, and gives a clear sense of a community well aware of the distinctness of its speech and the systematic ways that it differs from the prestige language around it. This book changed how I see Shetland and its language, and I enjoyed the opportunity it presented of learning to read Shaetlan by exposure, too.
Dr. Jackson W. Crawford, https://jacksonwcrawford.com/
This book is nothing short of transformative—a shining example of inclusive linguistics at its finest. Written bilingually and co-authored with members of the Shaetlan-speaking community, it is rigorously grounded in sound linguistic science, yet it remains accessible to non-specialists, welcoming both academics and lay readers alike into the richness of the Shaetlan language. Shaetlan is recognized and respected internationally, and this book is already used in university classrooms as a model for language documentation, description, maintenance, and activism. Shaetlan is not just a language of local significance—it is a language of global importance. This is a book that will inspire scholars, students and activists alike—and it is one I will return to again and again.
Prof. Dr. Michel DeGraff, MIT Boston
This groundbreaking bilingual grammar brings Shaetlan, a typologically unusual contact language, to the attention of linguists and language enthusiasts worldwide. It follows the best scientific practices of typological linguistics in using solid data and up to date analytical methods. Grounded in a close collaboration between linguists and mother tongue speakers, this highly readable and accessible book opens new horizons in language studies.
Prof. Dr. R.M.W Dixon, CQUniversity Australia
This bilingual grammar shows the unique history, status and linguistic characteristics of the Shaetlan language. The study is firmly rooted in the most up-to-date theoretical frameworks and analytical methodologies, yet written to be both accessible and entertaining for the general public.
Prof. Dr. Merja Kytö, Uppsala University
This vigorous and splendidly-illustrated book is in Shaetlan and about Shaetlan, and uses it – thanks to the native speakers who have contributed – to demonstrate the structure, the skilfulness and the spirit of this remarkable language. Grammar, and much more, written with verve and passion!
Prof. Dr. Anthony P. Grant, Edge Hill University
Viveka Velupillai and Roy Mullay with their co-authors have provided an invaluable resource for their community in Shetland and for a wider readership interested in issues of linguistic and cultural diversity. Shetlanders are particularly indebted to the authors in that they have produced a book of the highest academic standards which is accessible to a non-specialist audience. It is obvious from the foregrounding of the co-authors’ mother-tongue narratives that the first-language Shaetlan community is book’s primary audience. This bilingual publication combines linguistic description, anthropological and biographical testimony and a rationale for sustaining Shaetlan as a differentiated language. The detailed description of Shaetlan as a mixed language, rooted in historical and sociological context, serves as the most compelling and coherent appeal to date for languagehood recognition for Shaetlan. The readers of this volume will conclude that this is long overdue.
Prof. Dr. Conchúr Ó Giollagáin, The University of the Highlands and Islands
Velupillai & Mullay’s meticulous work finally establishes Shaetlan as a distinct language with its own legitimate place in the North Atlantic. It presents irrefutable evidence that Shaetlan deserves full recognition and support as a viable medium for education and public affairs. An essential, paradigm-shifting contribution that will resonate far beyond Scotland’s northern isles.
Prof. Dr. Kofi Yakpo, The University of Hong Kong
ISBN: 9781068457319
7.72MB
386 pages
Table o Contents
Tanks til
Pairt I. Settin da scene
Shaetlan: Tak a hadds o whit is yirs by richt, an be blyde aboot him by Ronnie Eunson
Shaetlan by John Goodlad
Plutin by Alison Rendall
Nae faer o wis by Claire White
Hoo wid you translate hjokkelhjog? by Helen A. Balfour
I dunna knapp by Hazel Adamson
I tink in Shaetlan by Bobby Hunter
Gineral introduction
Twartree facts
Whit wye Shaetlan is impoartant
Aboot dis book
A plea tidda midder tongue spaekers
1. Da history o Shaetlan
2. Da differ atween a language an a dialect
2.1 Contact Languages
2.2 Whit is a midder tongue?
2.3 A nott on bilingualism
2.4 Language richts
2.5 A nott on language attitudes
3. Shaetlan as a asset idda Scots an Scottish context
3.1 Shaetlan isna Lowland Scots
3.2 Shaetlan isna “local English”
3.2.1 Comparin Shaetlan til English an Swedish
3.2.2 Da Shaetlan wirds
3.3 Shaetlan as a Mixed Language
3.4 Shaetlan is a dynamic language
4. Da status o Shaetlan dan an noo
4.1 Covert prestige
4.2 Digitalk in Shaetlan
4.3 Da Shaetlan Language Plan an de facto recogneetion o Shaetlan
5. Literature in Shaetlan
6. Spellin in Shaetlan
6.1 Whit wye a spelleen system is impoartant
6.2 Da spelleen osed ithin dis book
6.3 Whin tae ose k an whin tae ose c fir da “herd” k-soond
6.4 Lonnwirds
6.5 Silent letters
6.6 Contractions
6.7 A nott on -ly versus -li
6.8 A nott on ‑(o)cht versus -(o)wt
6.9 Da peerie d-wirds
Pairt II. Da grammar o Shaetlan
Introduction ti Pairt II
Da data fir dis grammar
Da examples in dis grammar
7. Phonology: Da soond system o Shaetlan
7.1 Da major phonemes o Shaetlan
7.1.1 Vowels
7.1.2 Consonants
7.2 Da syllables o Shaetlan
7.3 Prosody: Da melody an rhythm o Shaetlan
7.3.1 Lent
7.3.2 Stress
8. Morphology an wird-formation: Makkin an inflectin wirds in Shaetlan
8.1 Makkin wirds
8.1.1 Compounds
8.1.2 Derivations
8.2 Inflectional morphemes: Markin wirds fir grammatical information
8.2.1 Common inflectional morphemes
8.2.2 -in isna -ing
9. Nouns: Entities in Shaetlan
9.1 Proper nouns
9.2 Common nouns
9.3 Da grammar o nouns in Shaetlan
9.3.1 Grammatical gender in Shaetlan
9.3.2 Number: Een or a lok o da sam
10. Adjectives: Describin things in Shaetlan
11. Pronouns in Shaetlan
11.1 Personal pronouns
11.1.1 Shaain politeness in Shaetlan
11.1.2 Intimate hes and shos in Shaetlan
11.1.3 Whin tae ose hit an whin tae ose it in Shaetlan
11.1.4 Da differ atween da subjict an da objict pronoun in Shaetlan
11.1.5 Personal datives
11.1.6 Here’s dee dy sweetie
11.1.7 Pronoun tags
11.2 Possessive pronouns
11.3 Demonstrative pronouns
11.4 Reflexive pronouns
11.5 Reciprocal constructions
11.6 Indefinite pronouns
11.7 Interrogative pronouns
12. Determiners in Shaetlan
12.1 Articles
12.1.1 Da definite article
12.1.2 Da indefinite article
12.2 Demonstrative determiners
12.2.1 Tree distances
12.2.2 Number invariant
12.3 Possessive determiners
12.4 Quantifiers
13. Numerals in Shaetlan
13.1 Cardinals
13.1.1 Da attributive ee versus da absolute een
13.1.2 Units an time idda singular
13.2 Ordinals
14. Verbs: Actions, processes an staets in a Shaetlan sentence
14.1 Lexical verbs in Shaetlan
14.1.1 Reglar an irreglar verbs in Shaetlan
14.1.2 Osin events as descriptions: Participles in Shaetlan
14.2 Reflexive verbs in Shaetlan
14.3 Auxiliaries in Shaetlan
14.4 Da grammar o verbs in Shaetlan
14.4.1 Tense
14.4.2 Da progressive aspect: Happneens gyaan on in Shaetlan
14.4.3 Modality
15. Adverbs: Modifiers in Shaetlan
16. Peerie function wirds in Shaetlan
16.1 Preposeetions
16.1.1 Da differ atween o an a
16.1.2 We bide IN Shetland
16.1.3 Tae spaek til someen
16.1.4 Lent o time wi in
16.2 Conjunctions
16.2.1 Da differ atween fir an fur
16.2.2 Nae differ atween as an ir
16.2.3 Da differ atween so an sae
17. Simple sentences
17.1 Sentence structure in Shaetlan
17.1.1 Transitivity
17.1.2 Dummy subjicts
17.1.3 Grammatical voice: Active an passive sentences
17.2 Predication
17.2.1 Copula constructions in Shaetlan an come tae be
17.2.2 Existentials in Shaetlan
17.3 Negative sentences in Shaetlan
17.3.1 Lexical verbs: Invariant free form negator
17.3.2 Auxiliaries: Negative suffix
17.4 Questions in Shaetlan
17.4.1 Polar questions in Shaetlan
17.4.2 Content questions in Shaetlan
17.5 Commaands in Shaetlan
18. Complex sentences
18.1 Coordination
18.1.1 Conjunctive coordination
18.1.2 Disjunctive coordination
18.1.3 Adversative coordination
18.1.4 Causal coordination
18.2 Subordination
18.2.1 Complement claases
18.2.2 Adverbial claases
18.3 Relative claases in Shaetlan
19. Language in context
19.1 Reactive responses
19.2 Positive No
19.3 Da feedback gasp: Pulmonic ingressive responses in Shaetlan
19.4 Phrasemes
19.5 We bide IN Shetland
19.6 W’ir black fantin
19.7 Sassermaet fir denner!
19.8 Faase freends
Glossary o linguistic terms
List of glossin abbreviations
Twartree references pickit fir ferder readeen parteeclar ti Shaetlan
References osed ithin dis book
Shaetlan index
English index